Basic Concepts in Strength of Materials The Big Picture Objective of This Book: To Ensure Safety Objectives of This Problem-Solving Procedure Basic Unit Systems Relationship among Mass, Force, and Weight Concept of Stress Direct Normal Stress Stress Elements for Direct Normal Stresses Concept of Strain Direct Shear Stress Stress Elements for Shear Stresses Preferred Sizes and Screw Threads Structural Shapes Experimental and Computational Stress Analysis Review of the Fundamentals of Statics Design Properties of Materials The Big Picture Objectives of This Chapter Design Properties of Materials Steel Cast Iron Aluminum Copper, Brass, and Bronze Zinc-, Magnesium-, Titanium-, and Nickel-Based Alloys vi Contents Nonmetals in Engineering Design Wood Concrete Plastics Composites Materials Selection Direct Stress, Deformation, and Design The Big Picture Objectives of This Chapter Design of Members under Direct Tension or Compression Design Normal Stresses Design Factor Design Approaches and Guidelines for Design Factors Methods of Computing Design Stress Elastic Deformation in Tension and Compression Members Deformation due to Temperature Changes Thermal Stress Members Made of More Than One Material Stress Concentration Factors for Direct Axial Stresses Bearing Stress Design Bearing Stress Design for Direct Shear, Torsional Shear, and Torsional Deformation The Big Picture Objectives of This Chapter Design for Direct Shear Stress Torque, Power, and Rotational Speed Torsional Shear Stress in Members with Circular Cross Sections Development of the Torsional Shear Stress Formula Polar Moment of Inertia for Solid Circular Bars Torsional Shear Stress and Polar Moment of Inertia for Hollow Circular Bars Design of Circular Members under Torsion Comparison of Solid and Hollow Circular Members Stress Concentrations in Torsionally Loaded Members Twisting: Elastic Torsional Deformation Torsion in Noncircular Sections Shearing Forces and Bending Moments in Beams The Big Picture Objectives of This Beam Loading, Supports, and Types of Beams Reactions at Supports Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Concentrated Loads Guidelines for Drawing Beam Diagrams for Concentrated Loads Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Distributed Loads General Shapes Found in Bending Moment Diagrams Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Cantilever Beams Beams with Linearly Varying Distributed Loads Free-Body Diagrams of Parts of Structures Mathematical Analysis of Beam Diagrams Continuous Beams: Theorem of Three Moments Centroids and Moments of Inertia of Areas The Big Picture Objectives of This Concept of Centroid: Simple Shapes Centroid of Complex Shapes Concept of Moment of Inertia of an Area Moment of Inertia of Composite Shapes Whose Parts Have the Same Centroidal Axis Moment of Inertia for Composite Shapes: General Case-Use of the Parallel Axis Theorem Mathematical Definition of Moment of Inertia Composite Sections Made from Commercially Available Shapes Moment of Inertia for Shapes with All Rectangular Parts Radius of Gyration Section Modulus Stress due to Bending 380 The Big Picture Objectives of This Flexure Formula Conditions on the Use of the Flexure Formula Stress Distribution on a Cross Section of a Beam Derivation of the Flexure Formula Applications: Analysis of Stresses in Beams Applications: Beam Design and Design Stresses Section Modulus and Design Procedures Stress Concentrations Flexural Center or Shear Center Preferred Shapes for Beam Cross Sections Design of Beams to Be Made from Composite Materials 8 Shearing Stresses in Beams The Big Picture Objectives of This Importance of Shearing Stresses in Beams General Shear Formula Distribution of Shearing Stress in Beams Development of the General Shear Formula Special Shear Formulas Design for Shear Shear Flow Deflection of Beams 480 The Big Picture Objectives of This Need for Considering Beam Deflections General Principles and Definitions of Terms Beam Deflections Using the Formula Method Comparison of the Manner of Support for Beams Superposition Using Deflection Formulas Successive Integration Method Moment-Area Method Combined Stresses The Big Picture Objectives of This Chapter Stress Element Stress Distribution Created by Basic Stresses Creating the Initial Stress Element Combined Normal Stresses Combined Normal and Shear Stresses Equations for Stresses in Any Direction Maximum and Minimum Stresses Mohr's Circle for Stress Stress Condition on Selected Planes Special Case in Which Both Principal Stresses Have the Same Sign Use of Strain-Gage Rosettes to Determine Principal Stresses Columns The Big Picture Objectives of This Slenderness Ratio Transition Slenderness Ratio Euler Formula for Long Columns Johnson Formula for Short Columns Summary: Buckling Formulas Design Factors for Columns and Allowable Load Method of Analyzing Columns Column Analysis Spreadsheet Efficient Shapes for Column Cross Sections Specifications of the AISC Specifications of the Aluminum Association Noncentrally Loaded Columns Pressure Vessels The Big Picture Objectives of This Distinction between Thin-Walled and Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels Thin-Walled Spheres Thin-Walled Cylinders Thick-Walled Cylinders and Spheres Analysis and Design Procedures for Pressure Vessels Spreadsheet Aid for Analyzing Thick-Walled Spheres and Cylinders Shearing Stress in Cylinders and Spheres Other Design Considerations for Pressure Vessels Composite Pressure Vessels Connections Objectives of This Modes of Failure for Bolted Joints Design of Bolted Connections Riveted Joints Eccentrically Loaded Riveted and Bolted Joints Welded Joints with Concentric Loads