Fundamental Logic and the Definition of Engineering Tasks Three Types of Inference Engineering Tasks A Model of Information and Tasks Another Task Definition The Five Orders of Ignorance Algorithms and Complexity Algorithms and Execution Time of Programs Program Execution Time versus Task Size Big oh' Notation Definition of the Big oh Notation Big Oh and Tightness of Bountl Classification of Functions Tractability and Algorithm optimality Practical Methods for Determining the Complexity of Algorithms P, NP and NP-Completeness Zero-One Integer Programming (ZOIP) Problem Classes of NP-Complete Problems Data Structures Derived Data Types Examples of Derived Data types User-Defined Data Types Abstract Data Types Linked Lists Graphs Trees Stacks Queues An Example: Conceptual Structural Design of Buildings Network Science types of Networks Hashing Further Reading Object Representation and Reasoning Grouping Data and Methods Definitions and Basic Concepts Classes and objects Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Messages Important Characteristics of objects Encapsulation of Data and Methods Message-Passing Mechanism Abstraction Hierarchy Secondary Features of object Representation Decomposition versus Abstraction Applications Outside Programming Knowledge Representation User Interfaces off the-Shelf Components Product Models An Object Oriented Design Methodology Single versus Multiple Inheritance Message-Passing Architecture Database Concepts Basic Concepts Initial Definitions Evolution of Types of Databases The Three-Level Architecture Relational Database Systems The Relational Model Limitations of Relational Databases Accessing Data in Relational Databases Relational Database Design First Normal Form Second Normal Form Third Normal Form Boyce-Codd and Higher Normal Forms Importance of Database Design Transaction Processing Definition of Transaction Implementing Transactions Properties of Transactions Other Types of Database Object-Oriented Databa.ses Geographical Databases Multimedia Database Systems Distributed Databases Further Reading Computational Mechanics Challenges of Computational Mechanics From Physical Principles to Practical Systems Methods for Finding Solutions Galerkin Method Remarks Issues in Computer-Aided Engineering Accuracy Speed User Interaction Further Reading Constraint-Based Reasoning Terminology Constraint-Solving Methods Levels of Consistency for label Propagation Global Consistency in label Propagation Constraint Propagation Reasoning with Constraints on Discrete Variables CSP Complexi for Discrete Variables Reasoning with Constraints on Continuous Variables Constraint-Based Support for Collaborative Work Optimization and Search Basic Concepts types of optimization Problem Formulating Optimization Tasks Representing Search Spaces Representing Constraints Some Optimization Problems Classification of Methods Deterministic Optimization and Search Special Cases Deterministic Methods Stochastic Methods Pure Global Random Search Local Search with Multiple Random Starts Simulated Annealing Genetic Algorithms Controlled Random Search PGSL A Closer Look at Genetic Algorithms Representation: Genetic Encoding Evaluating an Individual Creating the Initial Population The Fitness Function Reproduction Mutation Further Reading Knowledge Systems for Decision Support Important Characteristics of Knowledge Systems Representation of Knowledge Representation of Knowledge in Knowledge Systems Reasoning with Knowledge Rule Selection and Conflict Resolution Importance of the User Interface Maintenance of Knowledge Model-based Reasoning Case-Based Reasoning Stages of Case-Based Reasoning Further Reading Machine Learning Improving Performance with Experience Formalizing the Learning Task Searching Hypothesis Spaces Learning Algorithms Rote Learning Statistical Learning Techniques Deductive Learning Exploration and Discovery A Closer Look at Artificial Neural Networks Types of Neural Network Learning in Neural Networks Summary of Neural Networks Support Vector Machines Support Vector Classification Support Vector Regression Further Reading Geometric Modelling Engineering Applications Criteria for Evaluating Representations Mathematical Models for Representing Geometry Two-Dimensional Representation of Simple Shapes Curves Without Simple Mathematical Representations Bezier Curves Mathematical Representation of Simple Surfaces Bezier Patches Mathematical Representation of Regular-Shaped Solids Representing Complex Solids Primitive Instancing Mesh Representations Sweep Representations Boundary Representations Decomposition Models Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) Applications Estimation of Volume Finite Element Meshfor a Spread Footing 3D Graphical View of a Structure Further Reading Computer Graphics Tasks of Computer Graphics Display Devices types of Display Device From Geometric Representations to Graphical Displays Representing Graphics Representing Colours Coordinate System Bitmap Representations Higher-Level Representations The Graphics Pipeline Modelling Transformations Viewing Transformations Scan Conversion Interactive Graphics Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) and Human-Computer lnteraction Engineer-Compater Interaction Applications 4D Simulations Navigating Multidimensional Solution Spaces Computer Vision and Image Processing Laser Scanning Further Reading Distributed Applications and the Web A Simple Example of a Client-server System Trends Driving C/S Architecture Examples of Client-Server Applications File Servers FTP Servers Data base Servers Groupware Servers Object Servers Operating System Servers Display Servers Web Servers Application Servers Distinctive Features of C/S Systems Asymmetrical Protocol Message-Based Mechanism Why are Protocols Important? Client-server System Design Three-Tier Architecture Application Partitioning Advantages of Client-Server Systems Developing Client-Server Applications TCP/IP Sockets Other Middleware Options The World Wide Web Limitations of Exchanging only Static Information Common Gateway Interface Engineering Applications on the Web other Models for anamic Information Exchange Peer-to-Peer Networks Information Interchange Through P2P Networks P2P Networks for Engineering Applications Advantages of Peer-to-Peer Networkcs Issues and Challenges Agent Technology Issues in Multi-Agent Systems Cloud Computing Complexity