Philosophy Logical Toolkit Writing Philosophy Papers Bertrand Russell, “The Value of Philosophy” Plato, “Apology: Defence of Socrates” God and Evil A. Why Believe? Saint Anselm, “The Ontological Argument” Saint Thomas Aquinas, “The Existence of God” William Paley, “Natural Theology Blaise Pascal, “The Wager” B. The Problem of Evil David Hume, “Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion” Gottfried Leibniz, “God, Evil and the Best of All Possible Worlds” John Perry, “Dialogue on Good, Evil, and the Existence of God” Marilyn McCord Adams, “Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God” Stewart Sutherland, “Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God” Eleonore Stump, “The Mirror of Evil” Louise M. Antony, “For the Love of Reason” Knowledge and Reality A. Descartes and the Problems of Skepticism René Descartes, “Meditations on First Philosophy” Christopher Grau, “Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and The Matrix” Robert Nozick, “Excerpt from Philosophical Explanations” B. Hume’s Problems and Some Solutions David Hume, “Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses” David Hume, “An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding” W. C. Salmon, “The Problem of Induction Minds, Bodies, and Persons A. The Traditional Problem of Mind and Body Bertrand Russell, “The Argument from Analogy for Other Minds” Gilbert Ryle, “Descartes’s Myth” David M. Armstrong, “The Nature o f Mind” Paul M. Churchland, “Eliminative Materialism” Frank Jackson, “What Mary Didn’t Know” B. Minds, Brains, and Machines A. M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” John R. Searle, “Minds, Brains, and Programs” C. Personal Identity John Perry, “A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality” Bernard Williams, “The Self and the Future” Derek Parfit, “Personal Identity” J. David Velleman, “So It Goes” Daniel Dennett, “Where Am I?” D. Freedom, Determinism, and Responsibility Roderick M. Chisholm, “Human Freedom and the S e lf” Peter van Inwagen, “The Powers of Rational Beings: Freedom o f the Will” David Hume, “O f Liberty and Necessity” Harry G. Frankfurt, “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility” John Martin Fischer, “Responsiveness and Moral Responsibility” Harry G. Frankfurt, “Freedom of the Will and the Concept o f a Person” Gary Watson, “Free Agency” Susan Wolf, “ Sanity and the Metaphysics o f Responsibility” Ethics and Society A. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham, “The Principle o f Utility” John Stuart Mill, “Utilitarianism” E. F. Carritt, “Criticisms o f Utilitarianism” J. J. C. Smart, “Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism” Bernard Williams, “Utilitarianism and Integrity” Peter Singer, “Famine, Affluence, and Morality” B. Kantian Ethics Immanuel Kant, “Groundwork o f the Metaphysics o f Morals” J. David Velleman, “A Brief Introduction to Kantian Ethics” Onora O’Neill, “Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems” C. Aristotelian Ethics Aristotle, “Nicomachean Ethics” Rosalind Hursthouse, “Right Action” D. Justice and Equality John Rawls, “A Theory o f Justice” Robert Nozick, “Justice and Entitlement” G. A. Cohen, “Where the Action Is: On the Site o f Distributive Justice” John Stuart Mill, “The Subjection of Women” Annette C. Baier, “The Need for More Than Justice” E. Contemporary Moral Problems Judith Jarvis Thomson, “A Defense o f Abortion” Rosalind Hursthouse, “Thomson’s Arguments” Debra Satz, “Markets in Women’s Reproductive Labor” Kwame Anthony Appiah, “Racisms” Linda Martin Alcoff, “Racism and Visible Race” F. Challenges to Morality 1. M O R A L IT Y AND S E L F - IN T E R E S T Plato, “The Republic” David Hume, “An Enquiry Concerning the Principles o f Morals” David Gauthier, “Morality and Advantage . Subjectivism , rela tivism, and skepticism J. L. Mackie, “The Subjectivity of Values” Gilbert Harman, “Ethics and Observation” Nicholas L. Sturgeon, “Moral Explanations” Existential Issues 809 Albert Camus, “The Myth of Sisyphus” Thomas Nagel, “The Absurd” Richard Taylor, “The Meaning of Human Existence” Susan Wolf, “The Meanings of Lives” Thomas Nagel, “Death” Anthony L. Brueckner and John Martin Fischer, “Why is Death Bad?” Dan Moller, “Love and Death” Puzzles and Paradoxes A. Zeno’s Paradoxes Achilles and the Tortoise The Racecourse omen" 632 The Argument Against Plurality B. Metaphysical and Epistemological Puzzles and Paradoxes The Paradox of Identity The Paradox of the Heap The Surprise Examination Goodman’s New Riddle of Induction C. Puzzles of Rational Choice The Prisoner’s Dilemma Newcomb’s Problem Kavka’s Toxin Puzzle Quinn’s Puzzle of the Self-Torturer D. Paradoxes of Logic, Set Theory, and Semantics The Paradox of the Liar Other Versions of the Liar Russell’s Paradox Greiling s Paradox E. Puzzles of Ethics The Trolley Problem Ducking Harm and Sacrificing Others