System Property, state, and process Equation of state State and path functions Equilibrium The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Measurement of temperature Constant temperature (isothermal) process .... Heat Heat capacity Adiabatic process Calculation of Work in Reversible and Irreversible Processes Force Pressure and mechanical equilibrium Constant pressure (isobaric) process Work The concept of work in mechanics Kinetic energy and work Conservation of mechanical energy Work done by nonconservative forces Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications The Concept of Reversibility Reversible and irreversible work Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) Relations for Pure Substances Phase Change of a Pure Subtance PVT Diagrams for Pure Substances Temperature-volume (T-V) diagram Pressure-volume (P-V) diagram Pressure-temperature {P-T) diagram Property Enthalpy Saturated liquid and saturated vapor Vapor-liquid mixture Superheated vapor Compressed (subcooled) liquid Interpolation of the values in property tables Examples The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law for a Closed System Reversible processes in a closed system Internal energy and enthalpy change for liquids and solids Reversible processes involving an ideal gas Generalized Development of the First Law The First Law for Steady-state Flow Processes Heat exchanger Throttling device Turbine Compressor and pump Nozzle and diffuser Mixing chamber Mechanical energy balance The First Law for Unsteady-State Processes Interpretation of Adages and Songs in Terms of the First Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law of Thermodynamics Carnot Cycle Heat Engines and Heat Pumps Statements of the second law Entropy Reversible and isothermal process Reversible and adiabatic (isentropic) process Thermodynamic diagrams involving entropy Entropy Generation Entropy balance Feasibility of a process Calculation of Entropy Change Entropy change for liquids and solids Entropy change for a phase change Entropy change of an ideal gas Shaft Work and Isentropic Efficiency Shaft work in reversible steady-state flow processes Isentropic efficiency of a turbine Isentropic efficiency of a compressor Second Law Analysis of Steady-State Flow Processes Lost work Second-law efficiency of separation processes What is Entropy? Is entropy a measure of disorder? Molecular interpretation of entropy The third law of thermodynamics Interpretation of Adages, Songs, and Poems in Terms of the Second Law of Thermodynamics Power and Refrigeration Cycles Vapor Power Cycles Carnot cycle Rankine cycle Gas Power Cycles Gas turbine power plant Internal combustion engines Refrigeration Cycles Refrigerants Carnot vapor-compression refrigeration cycle The ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications Deviations from idealities Cascade refrigeration cycles Steam Appendix Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane