Water management in Poland in conditions of development and climate change 1. Water resources 15 1.1. Rivers and lakes 16 1.1.1. Rivers and their basins 19 1.1.2. Hydrographic network structure 25 1.1.3. Lakes 26 1.1.4. Surface water bodies 28 1.1.5. Supply and surface runoff 29 1.1.6. The use of surface water and related threats to its status 30 1.2. Artificial water reservoirs 34 1.2.1. Main storage reservoirs 34 1.2.2. Reservoir retention functionality 37 1.2.3. Small storage reservoirs 40 1.2.4. Concluding comments 41 1.3. Groundwater 42 1.3.1. Geological structures and water-bearing media 42 1.3.2. Exploitable groundwater resources 44 1.3.3. State of groundwater resources 47 2. Organisation and approach to water management in Poland 50 2.1. Institutional arrangements of water management 50 2.2. Financing water management in Poland 56 2.3. Water management in river basins 62 2.3.1. Planning 65 2.3.2. Monitoring and assessment of the status of the water resources 70 2.3.3. Structure of the surface water monitoring network 71 2.3.4. Structure of the groundwater monitoring network 72 3. Impact of development and climate changes on water resources 74 3.1. The level of climate change and the assessment of its impact on surface water dynamics in Poland 74 3.2. The impact of development pressures on the structure and discharge regime of water 82 3.3. An approach to climate change adaptation in urban areas 87 3.4. Conclusion 89 4. Selected research problems in the upper Vistula catchment area 92 4.1. General characteristics of the catchment area 92 4.2. The role of water resources in social and economic development, in accordance with the principles of sustainable development 96 4.3. Assessment of the status of water management in relation to the water resources of the basin 97 4.3.1. Surface water resources 97 4.3.2. Surface water retention status 100 4.3.3. Groundwater resources 102 4.3.4. Mineral groundwater used in spa therapy 103 4.3.5. Water resources quality 104 4.4. Flood hazard problems and the effectiveness of the flood protection system in the upper Vistula catchment area 105 4.4.1. The existing flood protection system in the Upper Vistula catchment area 105 4.4.2. Flood hazard and the effectiveness of the flood protection system in 2010 110 4.4.2.1. Precipitation scenarios and flood characteristics 110 4.4.2.2. Passage of surge waves in Cracow and their consequences 113 4.4.2.3. Passage of surge waves in Sandomierz and their consequences 116 4.4.3. Effects of the 2010 flood reduction by storage reservoirs 118 4.4.4. Summary 120 Water management in Ukraine in conditions of development and climate change 1. Water resources 123 1.1. Rivers (area, river basin, discharges, levels, water quality) 123 1.2. Lakes/reservoirs (area, capacity, levels, functions, water quality) 149 1.3. Groundwater (capacity, levels, water quality) 155 1.4. Water resources availability (water availability) 158 1.5. Precipitation (distribution by territory) 162 2. Organisation of water management 165 2.1. Governmental organisation of water management 165 2.2. River basin water management 169 2.3. Integrated water resources management 171 2.4. Monitoring and assessment state of water resources 173 3. The impact of development on water resources 179 4. Climate changes 192 5. Description of common problems under pressure of development and climate changes 203